$err = $date->parse_format($format,$string);
($err,%match) = $date->parse_format($format,$string);
This will parse a date contained in $string based on explicit format
information contained in $format.
If the format is invalid, $err will contain an error message.
If the format is valid, but string doesn't match, an error code
of 1 is returned.
If called in array context, a hash will be returned containing %+.
This is primarily useful if the $format string contains some
named capture groups that you define. This is discussed below.
$format is a string containing a regular expression with some special
directives (based on the printf directives). These directives are turned
into regular expression components, and then the entire string is turned
into a regular expression which, if $string matches it, will return the
date.
The directives available are identical to the printf directives. So,
if your $format string contains the directive '%Y', it will match a
4-digit year.
All of the printf directives are available here with a few caveats:
%l This directive is NOT available.
%b,%h,%B These will all match a month name or abbreviation.
%v,%a,%A These will all match a day name or abbreviation.
%z,%Z,%N These will match any time zone string.
%n Multi-line matching is not currently supported,
so this directive is not allowed.
%x All format directives are converted to a regular
expression and then cached (so that a format
can be reused without the penalty of doing the
conversion to a regular expression with each use).
As a result, if you need to set the DateFormat config
variable (which determines the meaning of the %x
directive), it must be done before a format string
containing %x is used. If the DateFormat config variable
is set afterwards, the format string will reflect the
old, NOT THE NEW, value of DateFormat.
The format string may not over-specify the date. In other words, you
may not include both a %y and %Y directive or both a %j and %m directive.
A valid format string will specify any of the following sets of data:
Required Optional
M D H Mn S Y Zone Day-of-week
M D H Mn Y Zone Day-of-week
M D Y Zone Day-of-week
H Mn S Zone
H Mn Zone
For example, if you had a date stored as:
YYYY.MM-DD
you could match it using the following:
$date->parse_format('%Y\\.%m\\-%d',$string);
If you wanted to extract the date from an apache log line:
10.11.12.13 - - [17/Aug/2009:12:33:30 -0400] "GET /favicon.ico ...
you could use:
$date->parse_format('.*?\\[%d/%b/%Y:%T %z\\].*',$line);
When matching months, days, and hours, there are two directives
that could be used (for numerical versions). For the month, you
may use %m or %f. If your date is known to have a two-digit month,
you should use %m. If it contains a one- or two-digit month, you must
use %f (and it is safe to use %f for two-digit months). Similarly,
for days, you can use %d or %e and for hours you can use %H or %k. In
both cases, the first can only be used if you are guaranteed a 2-digit
value.
In your format string, you may use capture groups (or back references
to them) in the regular expression using all of the rules of normal
regular expressions. Since Date::Manip uses named capture groups
internally, it is suggested that you also use named groups. Mixing
numbered and named groups will work... but it'll be entirely up to you
to keep track of what numbers refer to which capture groups.
Every printf directive adds one or more named capture groups to the
regular expression. If you use named groups in the format string,
they must not conflict with the ones used internally, or else the
date will probably not be parsed correctly.
The following named capture groups are used internally:
y
m
d
h
mn
s
mon_name
mon_abb
dow_name
dow_abb
dow_char
dow_num
doy
nth
ampm
epochs
epocho
tzstring
off
abb
zone
g
w
l
u
To be safe, it is suggested that any additional named capture groups
introduced by the programmer start with a capital letter. This is
guaranteed to never conflict with any existing, or future named capture
groups.
In order to get access to the values stored in the additional named
capture groups, the parse_format function must be called in list
context, and the %+ array will be returned as the second value.
As an example:
$string = "before 2014-01-25 after";
($err,%m) = $date->parse_format('(?.*?)%Y-%m-%d(?.*)',$string);
would return a hash (%m) with the following key/value pairs:
'PRE' => 'before '
'POST' => ' after'
=item B
=item B
The prev method changes the date to the previous (or current)
occurrence of either a day of the week, a certain time of day, or
both. The next method changes the date to the next (or current)
occurrence. The examples below illustrate the prev method, but
the next one is identical in operation.
There are two different ways to use this method. The first is to pass
in a day of week and possibly a time:
$err = $date->prev($dow, $curr [,$time]);
If $curr = 0, this means to look for the previous occurrence of the day
of week, and set the time to the value passed in (or current time if
no time was passed in). The day is ALWAYS less than the current day. If
the current day is the same day of week as $dow, then the date
returned will be one week earlier.
If $curr = 1, it means to look for the current or previous occurrence
of the day of week, and set the time to the value passed in (or 00:00:00 if
none was passed in). If the current day of week is the same as $dow, the
date will remain unchanged. Since the time is then set, the new date may
actually occur after the original date depending on the value of $time.
If $curr = 2, it means to look for the last time (not counting now)
that the day of week at the given time occurred. The date may be the
same as the original date.
$time may be a list reference of [H,MN,S], [H,MN], or [H].
The following examples should illustrate the use of this function.
Original Date = Fri Nov 22 18:15:00
dow curr time new date
4 (Thu) 0/1/2 undef Thu Nov 21 00:00:00
4 0/1/2 [12,30,0] Thu Nov 21 12:30:00
5 (Fri) 0/2 undef Fri Nov 15 18:15:00
5 1 undef Fri Nov 22 18:15:00
5 0 [12,30,0] Fri Nov 15 12:30:00
5 1/2 [12,30,0] Fri Nov 22 12:30:00
5 0/2 [19,30,0] Fri Nov 15 19:30:00
5 1 [19,30,0] Fri Nov 22 19:30:00
The second way to use this method is by passing in undef for the day of
week.
$err = $date->prev(undef,$curr,$time);
In this case, a time is required and it must be a list reference
of 3 elements: [H, MN, S]. Any or all of the elements may be undef.
The new date is the previous occurrence of the time.
If you define hours, then minutes and seconds may be defined, or
default to 0 and you are looking for a previous time that the
specified time (HH:00:00) occurred (which might be as much as 24 hours
in the past).
If hours are undefined and minutes are defined, then seconds may be
defined, or default to 0, and you are looking for the last time the
minutes/seconds (MN:SS) appeared on the digital clock, which will be
sometime in the past hour.
Finally, if hours and minutes are undefined, seconds must be defined
(or default to zero) and the last time that that second occurred will
be returned (which will be sometime in the past minute).
If $curr is non-zero, the current time is returned if it matches the
criteria passed in, so the returned value will be now or in the past.
If $curr is zero, the time returned will definitely be in the past.
DATE = Fri Nov 22 18:15:00
curr hr min sec returns
0/1 18 undef undef Nov 22 18:00:00
0/1 18 30 0 Nov 21 18:30:00
0 18 15 undef Nov 21 18:15:00
1 18 15 undef Nov 22 18:15:00
0 undef 15 undef Nov 22 17:15:00
1 undef 15 undef Nov 22 18:15:00
=item B
$out = $date->printf($in);
@out = $date->printf(@in);
This takes a string or list of strings which may contain any number of
special formatting directives. These directives are replaced with
information contained in the date. Everything else in the string is
returned unmodified.
A directive always begins with '%'. They are described in the section
below in the section PRINTF DIRECTIVES.
=item B
$secs = $date->secs_since_1970_GMT();
This returns the number of seconds that have elapsed since Jan 1, 1970
00:00:00 GMT (negative if the date is earlier).
The reverse is also allowed:
$err = $date->secs_since_1970_GMT($secs);
which sets the date to $secs seconds from Jan 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT in
the local time zone.
=item B
$err = $date->set($field,@vals [,$isdst]);
This explicitly sets one or more fields in a date.
$field can be any of the following:
$field @vals
zone [ZONE] ZONE can be any zone or alias
zdate [ZONE,]DATE sets the zone and entire date
date DATE sets the entire date
time TIME sets the entire time
y YEAR sets one field
m MONTH
d DAY
h HOUR
mn MINUTE
s SECOND
Here, DATE is a list reference containing [Y,M,D,H,MN,S] and TIME is
a list reference containing [H,MN,S].
ZONE is optional (it defaults to the local zone as defined either by
the system clock, or the SetDate or ForceDate config variables). If it
is passed in, it can be any zone name, abbreviation, or offset. An
offset can be expressed either as a valid offset string, or as a list
reference. Refer to the join/split functions of Date::Manip::Base for
information on valid offset strings.
An optional last argument is $isdst (which must be 0 or 1) is included
when setting a date which could be in either standard time or daylight
saving time. It is ignored in all other situations. If it is
not included, and the resulting date could be in either, it will
default to standard time.
The $date object must contain a valid date (unless the entire date
is being set with $field set to either "zdate" or "date").
If $field is "zone", the time zone of the date will be set. If ZONE is
not passed in, it will be set to the local time zone. When setting the
time zone, no conversion is done! Whatever date and time is stored in
the $date object prior to this remains unchanged... except it will
be that date and time in the new time zone.
If $field is "zdate", the entire date and time zone is set. If ZONE is
not passed in, it is set to the local time zone.
If $field is "date", the entire date will be set, but the time zone
of the date will not be changed.
If $field is "time", or one of the individual fields, only those
fields will be modified.
An error is returned if an invalid argument list is passed in, or if
the resulting date is checked and found to be invalid.
=item B
$val = $date->value([$type]);
@val = $date->value([$type]);
These return the value of the date stored in the object.
In scalar context, a printable string in the form YYYYMMDDHH:MN:SS
is returned. In list context, a list is returned of (Y,M,D,H,MN,S).
If $type is omitted, the date is returned in the time zone it was
parsed in.
If $type is "local", it is returned in the local time zone (which
is either the system time zone, or the zone specified with the
SetDate or ForceDate config variables).
If $type is "gmt", the date is returned in the GMT time zone.
An empty string or list is returned in the case of an error (and
an error code is set).
=item B
$wkno = $date->week_of_year([$first]);
This figures out the week number. If $first is passed in, it must be
between 1 and 7 and refers to the first day of the week. If $first is
not passed in, the FirstDay config variable is used.
NOTE: This routine should only be called in rare cases. Use printf with
the %W, %U, %J, %L formats instead. This routine returns a week between 0
and 53 which must then be "fixed" to get into the ISO 8601 weeks from 1 to
53. A date which returns a week of 0 actually belongs to the last week of
the previous year. A date which returns a week of 53 may belong to the
first week of the next year.
=back
=head1 ISSUES WITH PARSING DATES
The following issues may occur when parsing dates that should be
understood to make full use of this module.
=over 4
=item B
Date formats are either complete or truncated. A complete date fully
specifies the year, month, and day and a complete time fully specifies
the hour, minute, and second.
It should be understood that in many instances, the information may be
implied rather than explicitly stated, but it is still treated as
complete.
For example, the date "January 3" is complete because it implies the
current year.
A truncated calendar date or time does not include information about
some of the fields. Date::Manip will never work with a partial date or
time, so defaults will be supplied.
For example, the date "2009-01" is missing a day field, so a default
will be used. In this case, the day will be the 1st, so this is
equivalent to "Jan 1st 2009". If only the year is given, it will
default to Jan 1.
If the time, or any of it's components is missing, they default to
00. So the time "12:30" and "12:30:00" are equivalent.
The "complete" method can be used to check what type of date was
parsed, and which values were specified (either explicitly or implied)
and which were provided as a default. It should be noted that there
is no way to differentiate between an explicit and implied value.
A string with a date and/or time may consist of any of the following:
a complete date and a time (complete or truncated)
a truncated date with no time
a time (complete or truncated) with no date
In other words, the date "Jan 2009 12:30" is not valid since it consists
of a time with a truncated date.
=back
=head1 VALID TIME ZONE FORMATS
When specifying a time zone, it can be done in three different ways.
One way is to specify the actual time zone. The second is to supply
a valid time zone abbreviation. The third is to specify an offset (with
an optional abbreviation). The following dates illustrate the these
formats.
The timezone information always follows the time immediately, and may
only be included if a time is included. The following examples use
an ISO 8601 format for the date/time, but any of the other date and
time formats may be used.
The first way to specify the time zone is to specify it by complete name
(or using one of the standard aliases):
2001-07-01-00:00:00 America/New_York
Although this is unambiguous when it comes to determining the time zone,
the time is ambiguous in most zones for one hour of the year. When
a time change occurs during which the clock is moved back, the same
wall clock time occurs twice.
For example, in America/New_York, on Sunday, Nov 2, 2008, at 02:00 in
the morning, the clock was set back to 01:00. As a result, the date
Nov 2, 2008 at 01:30 is ambiguous. It is impossible to determine if
this refers to the 01:30 that occurred half an hour before the time
change, or the one 30 minute after the change.
In practice, if this form is used, the date will be assigned to
standard time, meaning that there will be some times (typically 1 hour
per year) which cannot be expressed this way. As such, this method is
discouraged.
The second way to specify the time zone, which is the most common, is
to use a time zone abbreviation:
2001-07-01-00:00:00 EDT
Unfortunately, the abbreviation does not uniquely determine the
time zone except in a few cases. In order to assign a time zone,
Date::Manip will refer to a list of all time zones which use the
abbreviation. They will be tested, in the order given in the
Date::Manip::Zones documentation, and the first match (i.e. the one in
which the given date/time and abbreviation are valid) determines the
time zone which will be used. A great deal of effort has been made to
ensure that the most likely time zone will be obtained (i.e. the most
common time zones are tested before less common ones), so in most
cases, the desired results will be obtained.
If the default order does not yield the desired time zone, the order of
testing can be modified using the abbrev method described in the
Date::Manip::TZ documentation.
Although the time zone is ambiguous, the date is not, since only
time zones for which the date are valid will be used.
The third way to specify the time zone is by specifying an offset and
an optional abbreviation:
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -04
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -0400
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -040000
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -04:00
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -04:00:00
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -04 (EDT)
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -0400 (EDT)
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -040000 (EDT)
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -04:00 (EDT)
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -04:00:00 (EDT)
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -04 EDT
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -0400 EDT
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -040000 EDT
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -04:00 EDT
2001-07-01-00:00:00 -04:00:00 EDT
The offset almost never sufficient to uniquely determine the time zone
(and it is not even guaranteed that both the offset and abbreviation
will, though in practice, it is probably sufficient). In this
instance, the time zone will be determined by testing all time zones
which have the given offset (and abbreviation if it is included) until
one is found which matches both pieces of information. For more
information about how this testing is done, refer to the def_zone
method of the Date::Manip::TZ documentation.
=head1 VALID DATE FORMATS
There are several categories of date formats supported by Date::Manip.
These are strings which specify only the year/month/day fields.
These formats explicitly set the date, but not the time. These formats
may be combined with a time string (as specified below) to set both
the date and time. If this is not done, the default time is determined
by the DefaultTime config variable.
=over 4
=item B
The preferred date formats are those specified by ISO 8601. The
specification includes valid calendar date and valid time formats.
Date::Manip will handle all of these formats, but does not require
that the dates rigidly adhere to the specification since the ultimate
goal of Date::Manip is to handle dates as they are represented in
real life and some common variations exist which are similar to, but
not identical to, those from the specification.
A calendar date includes the following fields:
CC 2-digit representation of the century
YY 2-digit representation of the year in
a century
MM 2-digit representation of a month
DD 2-digit representation of a day of month
DoY 3-digit representation of a day of year
(001-366)
Www the character "W" followed by a 2-digit
week of the year (01-53)
D the day of the week (1-7)
The following date formats are considered complete by Date::Manip. In
the following, the date Thu Mar 5 2009 is used as an example. This is
the 64th day of the year. Thu is the 4th day of the week. The week
starting Mon, Mar 2 is the 10th week of the year (according the the
ISO 8601 definition). Obviously, some of the formats are only valid
when used at some times. For example, the format --MMDD refers to a
month and day in the current year, so the date Mar 5, 2009 can only be
specified using this format during 2009.
Format Notes Examples
CCYYMMDD 20090305
CCYY-MM-DD 2009-03-05
YYMMDD 1,2,4 090305
YY-MM-DD 09-03-05
-YYMMDD 3,4 -090305
-YY-MM-DD -09-03-05
--MMDD 1 --0305
--MM-DD --03-05
---DD 1 ---05
CCYYDoY 2009064
CCYY-DoY 2009-064
YYDoY 1,4 09064
YY-DoY 09-064
-YYDoY 3,4 -09064
-YY-DoY -09-064
-DoY 1 -064
CCYYWwwD 2009W104
CCYY-Www-D 2009-W10-4
YYWwwD 1,4 09W104
YY-Www-D 09-W10-4
-YYWwwD 3,4 -09W104
-YY-Www-D -09-W10-4
-YWwwD 1 -9W104
-Y-Www-D -9-W10-4
Y is the year (0-9) in
current decade
-WwwD 1 -W104
-Www-D -W10-4
-W-D 1 -W-4
D is day (1-7) in
current week
---D 1 ---4
same as -W-D
The following date formats are truncated:
CCYY-MM 2 2009-03 (2009-03-01)
CCYY 2009 (2009-01-01)
CC 2 20 (2000-01-01)
-YYMM 4 -0903
-YY-MM -09-03
-YY 4 -09
--MM --03
CCYYWww 2009W10
CCYY-Www 2009-W10
YYWww 4 09W10
YY-Www 09-W10
-YYWww 3,4 -09W10
-YY-Www -09-W10
-Www -W10
Notes:
1 These formats are considered truncated in the standard, but since
they do include (or imply, using the current date for defaults)
all of the fields, and since they do not introduce any parsing
complexities, the standard is relaxed, and they are treated as
complete.
2 These formats are treated differently than in Date::Manip 5.xx as
described below.
3 These formats are not defined in the ISO 8601 spec, but
are added for the sake of completeness since they do not
add any parsing incompatibilities.
4 Formats where the century is not given are described as a year in
the current century in the specification. Date::Manip treats this
more generically using the YYtoYYYY config variable. This will be
used to determine how to determine the full year.
Date::Manip 5.xx handled ISO 8601 dates in a less rigid fashion, and
deviated from the specification in several formats. As of 6.00, the
specification is followed much more closely so that all of the date
formats included in it should produce valid dates. This changes, in a
backwards incompatible way, the way a few strings will be interpreted
as dates.
As of 6.00, a two-digit date will be treated as CC. Previously, it
was treated as YY.
A six-digit date will be treated as YYMMDD. Previously, it was treated
as YYYYMM.
Previously, dashes were treated as optional in many cases. According
to the specification, dates may be written in expanded form (with all
dashes present) or abbreviate form (with no dashes). As of 6.00, this
is the behavior, so the formats: YYMMDD and YY-MM-DD are allowed, as
per the specification, but the format YY-MMDD is NOT allowed (though
it was previously).
The Www-D formats require a bit of explanation. According to the
specification, the date:
1996-w02-3
refers to the day with an ordinal number of 3 within the calendar week
in the 2nd week of 1996.
In the specification, the days of the week are numbered from 1 to 7
(Monday to Sunday), and the week always begins on Monday, so day 1
(Monday) is always the first day of the week, day 2 (Tuesday) is
always the second day of the week, etc.
In Date::Manip, the constraint that the week must start with Monday is
relaxed, allowing the week to begin with Sunday (a far more common
start of the week in calendars, at least in some parts of the world).
This presents a problem though in that the above date could be
interpreted as Wednesday (day 3) of the 2nd week of 1996, or as the
3rd day of the 2nd week of 1996 (which would normally be Wednesday,
but would be Tuesday if the week begins on Sunday).
As of Date::Manip 6.00, the above date will be interpreted as the 3rd
day of the 2nd week. This is a reversal from Date::Manip 5.xx, but I
believe is what the specification would require. For more information,
refer to the Date::Manip::Changes document.
=item B
Date::Manip supports a number of common date formats. The following fields
may be included in a date:
YY 2-digit representation of the year
YYYY 4-digit representation of the year
M 1- or 2- digit representation of the month
MM 2-digit representation of the month
D 1- or 2- digit representation of the day
DD 2-digit representation of the day
mmm The abbreviated or full month name (i.e. Jan)
The following date formats are supported:
Format Notes Examples
M/D 1,2,3 3/5
M/D/YY 1 3/5/09
M/D/YYYY 1 3/5/2009
YYYY/M/D 2009/3/5
mmm/D Mar/5
mmm/D/YY Mar/5/09
mmm/D/YYYY Mar/5/2009
D/mmm 5/Mar
D/mmm/YY 5/Mar/09
D/mmm/YYYY 5/Mar/2009
YYYY/mmm/D 2009/Mar/5
mmmD Mar5
mmmDDYY 4 Mar0509
mmmDDYYYY Mar052009
Dmmm 5Mar
DmmmYY 5Mar09
DmmmYYYY 5Mar2009
YYYYmmmD 2009Mar5
mmmD YY Mar5 09
mmmD YYYY Mar5 2009
Dmmm YY 5Mar 09
Dmmm YYYY 5Mar 2009
mmm/D YY Mar/5 09
mmm/D YYYY Mar/5 2009
D/mmm YY 5/Mar 09
D/mmm YYYY 5/Mar 2009
YY mmmD 09 Mar5
YYYY mmmD 2009 Mar5
YY Dmmm 09 5Mar
YYYY Dmmm 2009 5Mar
YY mmm/D 09 Mar/5
YYYY mmm/D 2009 Mar/5
YY D/mmm 09 5/Mar
YYYY D/mmm 2009 5/Mar
YYYY:MM:DD 2010:01:15 (EXIF format)
mmmYYYY 4 Jun 2010
YYYYmmm 4 2010 June
mmm/YYYY 4 Jun/2010
YYYY/mmm 4 2010/Jun
In the formats above, the slash (/) can be replace by any of the valid
separators: whitespace, slash (/), period (.), or dash (-). The dash,
though allowed, is discouraged since it may conflict with an ISO 8601
format. For example, the format MM/DD/YY is just fine, but MM-DD-YY
does not work since it conflicts with YY-MM-DD. To be safe, if "-" is
used as a separator in a non-ISO format, they should be turned into
"/" before calling the Date::Manip routines or you should use the 'noiso8601'
option with the B or B methods.
No matter what separator is used, the same separator must be used
throughout the date. For example, MM/DD/YY is valid and MM.DD.YY is
also valid, but MM/DD.YY is NOT valid.
Notes:
1 With these formats, Americans tend to write month first, but many
other countries tend to write day first. The latter behavior can be
obtained by setting the config variable DateFormat to something other
than "US".
2 The dot (.) separator may not be used in the M/D format since it
will be interpreted as the H12,H+ format described below.
3 The M/D format should not use the period (.) separator as that will
incorrectly match the HH,H+ time format.
4 Historically, I have not supported partial dates (i.e. dates that
were not fully specified), but it has been argued that something like
'Jun 1910' would be interpreted by almost everyone as a day in June
of 1910 instead of June 19, 2010. And it has been shown that in
some applications, dates are specified in that way. I have added the
new config variable Format_MMMYYYY which will change this. If this
variable is not set, the formats allowed are:
mmmDDYY
If it is set, the formats allowed are:
mmmYYYY
YYYYmmm
The day of week may not be included with these formats. When
parsing a full date/time, if Format_MMMYYYY is set to 'first',
it returns the 1st of the month at midnight. If it is set to
'last', it returns the last day at 23:59:59. If parsing only
only a date, it will be set to the first or last day of the
month at midnight.
These formats explicitly set the date, but not the time. The default
time is determined by the DefaultTime config variable.
=item B
The following formats are also supported by Date::Manip:
DoW
The day of week of the current week
Friday
Friday at 12:40
MMM Nth [YYYY]
Nth MMM [YYYY]
YYYY MMM Nth
YYYY Nth MMM
Dec 1st 1970
1st Dec 1970
1970 Dec 1st
1970 1st Dec
next/prev DoW
The next or last occurrence of DoW
next Friday
last Friday at 12:40
next/last week/month/year
The day one week/month/year from now
or in the past
next week
last month at 15:00
last day in MMM [YYYY]
The last day of the month
last day in October
last day in October 1996
last DoW in MMM [YYYY]
The last DoW in the month
last Tuesday in October
last Tuesday in October 1996
last DoW in YYYY
The last DoW in the year
last Tuesday in 1997
NOTE: "last DoW" doesn't work in
English since the word "last"
is used for both this expression
and for "prev DoW", which gets
parsed first. "last DoW" MAY
work in other languages.
Nth DoW in MMM [YYYY]
The Nth DoW in the month
3rd Tuesday in October
3rd Tuesday in October 1996
Nth DoW [YYYY]
The Nth DoW in the year
22nd Sunday
22nd Sunday in 1996
Nth day in MMM [YYYY]
The Nth day of the month
1st day of February
1st day of February 2012
DoW week
British: same as "in 1 week on DoW"
Monday week
DoW week N [YYYY]
Dow Nth week [YYYY]
Sunday week 22
Sunday 22nd week
These refer to the day of week
of the Nth week of the year.
Nth
12th
This refers to the Nth day of the
current month.
Note that the formats "Sunday week 22" and "22nd Sunday" give
different behaviors. "Sunday week 22" returns the Sunday of the 22nd
week of the year based on how week 1 is defined. ISO 8601 defines
week one to contain Jan 4, so "Sunday week 1" might be the first or
second Sunday of the current year, or the last Sunday of the previous
year. "22nd Sunday" gives the actual 22nd time Sunday occurs in a
given year, regardless of the definition of a week.
=item B
Most languages have strings which can be used to specify the date (relative
to today). In English, these include the strings:
today
tomorrow
yesterday
There is also support for the British formats:
today week
tomorrow week
yesterday week
which refer to one week after today/tomorrow/yesterday respectively.
Other languages have similar strings.
=item B
You can parse holiday names as dates (including timezones). For example:
Christmas
Christmas 2010
Christmas 2010 at noon
Christmas 2010 at noon PST
Saturday Christmas 2010 at noon
=back
In all of the formats (except for ISO 8601 formats), the day of week
("Friday") can be entered anywhere in the date and it will be checked
for accuracy. In other words,
"Tue Jul 16 1996 13:17:00"
will work but
"Jul 16 1996 Wednesday 13:17:00"
will not (because Jul 16, 1996 is Tuesday, not Wednesday).
=head1 A NOTE ABOUT FOREIGN LANGUAGE DATES
Although Date::Manip has some support for parsing dates in foreign
languages, it must be noted that the formats supported are largely
based on English equivalents.
There are probably many different dates that are perfectly valid, and
in common usage, in other languages which do not have an equivalent in
the English language, and unfortunately, Date::Manip will probably not
parse these.
You are free to send these to me, and I'll see if there is a way to
add them in, but I do not guarantee anything. Without having a
full-blown language parser (or at least the portion of the language
that is devoted to calendar and time), most of these formats will
simply not be supportable.
=head1 VALID TIME FORMATS
There are several categories of time formats supported by Date::Manip.
These are strings which specify only the hour/minute/second fields.
=over 4
=item B
A time may be also be complete or truncated. Again, Date::Manip
treats some formats as complete even though the specification calls
them truncated.
A time may include the following fields:
HH 2-digit representation of the hour
MN 2-digit representation of the minutes
SS 2-digit representation of the seconds
H+ 1+ digit representation of fractional hours
M+ 1+ digit representation of fractional minutes
S+ 1+ digit representation of fractional seconds
The following time formats are considered complete by Date::Manip. The time
12:30:15 will be expressed in the examples.
Format Notes Examples
HHMNSS 2 123015
HH:MN:SS 12:30:15
HHMNSS,S+ 123015,5
HH:MN:SS,S+ 12:30:15,5
Fractional seconds are ignored
HHMN,M+ 1230,25
HH:MN,M+ 12:30,25
This is 12:30:00 + 0.25 minutes
HH,H+ 12,5
This is 12:00:00 + 0.5 hours, so
this is equivalent to 12:30:00
-MNSS 1 -3015
-MN:SS -30:15
--SS 1 --15
-MNSS,S+ 1 -3015,5
-MN:SS,S+ -30:15,5
-MN,M+ 1 -30,25
--SS,S+ 1 --15,5
HHMN 3 1230
HH:MN 12:30
The following time formats are truncated:
HH 12
-MN -30
Notes:
1 These formats are considered truncated in the standard, but since
they do include (or imply, using the current time for defaults) all of
the fields, and since they do not introduce any parsing complexities,
the standard is relaxed, and they are treated as complete.
2 The HHMNSS format will not be correctly parsed since it is impossible
to distinguish between it and YYMMDD. In order to parse an all-digit
time, add the string ",0" to the end to force it to be interpreted
as a time or include time zone information (either a zone name or
abbreviation... an offset will not work in this case).
3 The HH:MN format will be treated as complete, even though it is
incomplete due to missing the seconds. In real life, expressing
a time in the HH:MN format is very common, and is regarded as complete,
and might include time zone information.
ISO 8601 times may be followed by a time zone unless they are truncated.
Truncated times may not include a timezone. Date::Manip relaxes the
constraints placed on the time zone format and allows any of the
methods used to specify the time zone including time zone name, abbreviation,
or offset. The time zone may be separated from the time by a space, but
it is not required.
Another constraint that is relaxed is that the fractional part may be
specified using a period. In other words, the following are equivalent:
12:30,25
12:30.25
It should be noted (as it is in the specification) that using a
negative time zone offset may cause confusion. In addition to visually
confusing, it may not be parsed correctly. For example, the time:
123005-0300
may not be parsed correctly. When using an offset time zone, you
should always use the colon separators in the time:
12:30:05-0300
=item B
A time may include any of the following fields:
H24 1- or 2-digit representation of the hour (0-23)
H12 1- or 2-digit representation of the hour (1-12)
MN 2-digit representation of the minutes
SS 2-digit representation of the seconds
H+ 1+ digit representation of fractional hours
M+ 1+ digit representation of fractional minutes
S+ 1+ digit representation of fractional seconds
AM A language specific AM/PM string
The following time formats are accepted:
Format Examples
H24:MN:SS 17:30:15
H12:MN:SS AM 5:30:15 PM
H12:MN:SS
H24:MN:SS,S+ 17:30:15,5
H12:MN:SS,S+ AM 5:30:15,5 PM
H12:MN:SS,S+ Fractional seconds are ignored
H24:MN,M+ 17:30,25
H12:MN,M+ AM 5:30,25 PM
H12:MN,M+ This is 17:30:00 + 0.25 minutes
H24,H+ 17,5
H12,H+ AM 5,5 PM
H12,H+ This is 17:00:00 + 0.5 hours, so
this is equivalent to 17:30:00
H24:MN 17:30
H12:MN AM 5:30 PM
H12:MN
H12 AM 5 PM
The fractional part may be specified using a comma or a period.
Fractional seconds may also be separated using a colon. A
language specific fractional separator may also be available for
some languages.
In other words, the following are equivalent:
12:30:20,25
12:30:20.25
12:30:20:25
Some languages have alternate H:MN and MN:S separators. For example,
one H:MN separator in French is 'h' (the MN:S separator is still a
colon), so the following are equivalent:
12:30:00
12h30:00
Time zone information can be included immediately following the time.
It can be separated by whitespace from the time, or it can be
immediately adjacent.
=item B
Different languages may have some words which can be used to specify a
certain time of day. In English, for example, the following words are
equivalent to the time listed:
noon 12:00:00
midnight 00:00:00
So, the following are equivalent:
Jan 2 2009 at noon
Jan 2 2009 12:00:00
There were two possible ways to interpret midnight. One was at the
start of the day (00:00:00) and the other was at the end of the day
(24:00:00 which would actually mean at 00:00:00 of the following day).
The first has been used to maintain backwards compatibility with
Date::Manip 5.xx .
Other languages have similar strings.
=back
In most languages, a word similar to "at" may precede the time (this
does NOT apply to ISO 8601 time formats). This word (which must be
separate from all other parts of the date with whitespace) is
optional, and the following are equivalent:
12:30
at 12:30
The times "12:00 am", "12:00 pm", and "midnight" are not well defined.
Date::Manip uses the following convention:
midnight = 12:00am = 00:00:00
noon = 12:00pm = 12:00:00
and the day goes from 00:00:00 to 23:59:59. In other words, midnight is the
beginning of a day rather than the end of one. The time 24:00:00 is also
allowed (though it is automatically transformed to 00:00:00 of the following
day). This gives the unusual result of parsing:
Wed Feb 8 2006 24:00:00
which gives the date of:
Thu Feb 9 2006 00:00:00
=head1 VALID COMBINED DATE AND TIME FORMATS
There are several categories of strings which specify both the date and
time. These include the following:
=over 4
=item B
A combined ISO 8601 date and time is a string containing a complete
ISO 8601 date and a complete or truncated ISO 8601 time. It may
also include a timezone, provided a complete time is included.
Date::Manip relaxes the restrictions on how the two are combined. The
time may be separated from the date by space, dash, or the letter T,
or the two may be joined with nothing separating them.
When the time immediately follows the date, or when the two are
separated by a dash, the resulting string MUST be
unambiguous. Provided the date includes all of the dashes in it
(i.e. YY-MM-DD instead of YYMMDD), it is rare that there is any
ambiguity. If the date does not include dashes, the strings may be
ambiguous, and in this case, separating the date and time with a space
or the letter T is useful (and perhaps necessary) to correctly
interpret the string.
The DoY formats should always be separated from the time by
something. They are visually confusing if they are not separated from
the time.
Time zone information can be included immediately following a complete
time. It may not be included if no time is given, or if a truncated
time is included. The time zone may be separated from the time with
whitespace, or it can be immediately adjacent to it (since the ISO
8601 specification allows it in some cases).
=item B
A date from any of the non-ISO 8601 formats above may be combined with
any of the non-ISO 8601 time formats above in any combination to form
a valid combined date and time.
=item B
Dates are often specified in terms of a delta from "now". For example,
"in 2 days".
Most valid deltas can be used to specify a date, and the date is defined
as that delta added to "now". Refer to the Date::Manip::Delta documentation
for a list of valid delta formats.
If the delta itself does not include a time part, the time may be specified
explicitly. For example:
in 3 days at 12:00:00
in 3 days at 12:00:00 PST
will take the delta part "in 3 days" and add it to the current time, then
set the time to 12:00:00.
It is NOT allowed to include an explicit time if any time segment was
included in the delta. For example, the following is invalid:
in 3 days 2 hours at 12:00:00
One additional format that is supported is to include only week (or higher)
components in the delta and to set the day of week. For example:
Friday in 2 weeks
in 2 weeks on Friday
Friday 2 weeks ago
2 weeks ago on Friday at 13:45
These first apply the delta (of weeks, months, and years) to the current
time, and then set the day to the given day-of-week in that week.
=item B
Most language have strings which can be used to specify the full date and
time (relative to the current date and time). In English, these include
the string:
now
They may also have a timezone attached:
now PST
=item B
The following formats are also supported:
epoch SECS
The number of seconds since the epoch
(Jan 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT). SECS may
be negative to give time before the
epoch.
or
epoch SECS TIMEZONE
=back
A couple of notes:
Commas may be included in all date formats arbitrarily (except for ISO
8601 formats where they may only be included when allowed by the
specification).
The time/time zone is removed from the date before the date is parsed,
so the time may appear before or after the date, or between any two
parts of the date.
The time and the zone do not need to be adjacent, so the string:
Jan 21 17:13:27 2010 -0400
will work. If the timezone is separate from the date, it MUST be
separated from any other portion of the date by whitespace.
Certain words such as "on", "in", "at", "of", etc. which commonly
appear in a date or time are ignored (except in ISO 8601 formats).
=head1 PRINTF DIRECTIVES
The following printf directives are replaced with information
from the date.
Year
%y year - 00 to 99
%Y year - 0001 to 9999
Month, Week
%m month of year - 01 to 12
%f month of year - " 1" to "12"
%b,%h month abbreviation - Jan to Dec
%B month name - January to December
Day
%j day of the year - 001 to 366
%d day of month - 01 to 31
%e day of month - " 1" to "31"
%v weekday abbreviation - " S"," M"," T", ...
%a weekday abbreviation - Sun to Sat
%A weekday name - Sunday to Saturday
%w day of week - 1 to 7 (1=Monday)
%E day of month with
suffix - 1st, 2nd, 3rd...
Hour
%H hour - 00 to 23
%k hour - " 0" to "23"
%i hour - " 1" to "12"
%I hour - 01 to 12
%p AM or PM
Minute, Second, Time zone
%M minute - 00 to 59
%S second - 00 to 59
%Z time zone abbreviation - EDT
%z time zone as GMT offset - +0100 (see Note 4)
%N time zone as GMT offset - +01:00:00
Epoch (see NOTE 3 below)
%s seconds from
1/1/1970 GMT - negative if before
%o seconds from 1/1/1970
in the current time
zone
Date, Time
%c %a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y - Fri Apr 28 17:23:15 1995
%C,%u %a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y - Fri Apr 28 17:25:57 EDT 1995
%g %a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %Z - Fri, 28 Apr 1995 17:23:15 EDT
%D %m/%d/%y - 04/28/95
%x %m/%d/%y or %d/%m/%y - 04/28/95 or 28/04/95
(Depends on DateFormat variable)
%l date in ls(1) format (see NOTE 1 below)
%b %e %H:%M - Apr 28 17:23 (*)
%b %e %Y - Apr 28 1993 (*)
%r %I:%M:%S %p - 05:39:55 PM
%R %H:%M - 17:40
%T,%X %H:%M:%S - 17:40:58
%V %m%d%H%M%y - 0428174095
%Q %Y%m%d - 19961025
%q %Y%m%d%H%M%S - 19961025174058
%P %Y%m%d%H:%M:%S - 1996102517:40:58
%O %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S - 1996-10-25T17:40:58
%F %A, %B %e, %Y - Sunday, January 1, 1996
%K %Y-%j - 1997-045
Special Year/Week formats (see NOTE 2 below)
%G year, Monday as first
day of week - 0001 to 9999
%W week of year, Monday
as first day of week - 01 to 53
%L year, Sunday as first
day of week - 0001 to 9999
%U week of year, Sunday
as first day of week - 01 to 53
%J %G-W%W-%w - 1997-W02-2
Other formats
%n insert a newline character
%t insert a tab character
%% insert a `%' character
%+ insert a `+' character
All other characters are currently unused, but may be used in the
future. They currently insert the character following the %.
The following multi-character formats also exist:
Extended formats
% These returns the NUMth value of the %A, %a, and %v formats
% respectively. In English, that would yield:
% % => Tuesday
% => Tue
% => T
NUM must be in the range 1-7.
% These return the NUMth value of the %B and %b formats
% respectively. In English, that would yield:
% => February
% => Feb
NUM must be in the range 1-12 (or 01-12).
% These return the NUMth value of the %p format. In
English, that would yield:
% => AM
% => PM
NUM must be in the range 1-2.
% These return the NUMth value of the %E format. In
English, that would yield:
% => 1st
% => 53rd
NUM must be in the range 1-53.
If a lone percent is the final character in a format, it is ignored.
The formats used in this routine were originally based on date.pl (version
3.2) by Terry McGonigal, as well as a couple taken from different versions
of the Solaris date(1) command. Also, several have been added which are
unique to Date::Manip.
NOTE 1:
The ls format (%l) applies to date within the past OR future 6 months!
Any date that is before the date NOW - 6 months, or that is on or
after the date NOW + 6 months will have the year printed out.
The later time must be on or after so that there is no ambiguity. If it
is now 2000-06-06-12:00:00, then the date 1999-12-06-12:00:00 will be
written as "Dec 6 12:00" but the date 2000-12-06-12:00:00 will be written
as "Dec 6 2000".
NOTE 2:
The %U, %W, %L, %G, and %J formats are used to support the ISO-8601 format:
YYYY-wWW-D. In this format, a date is written as a year, the week of the
year, and the day of the week. Technically, the week may be considered to
start on any day of the week, but Sunday and Monday are the both common
choices, so both are supported.
The %W and %G formats return the week-of-year and the year treating weeks
as starting on Monday.
The %U and %L formats return the week-of-year and the year treating weeks
as starting on Sunday.
Most of the time, the %L and %G formats returns the same value as the %Y
format, but there is a problem with days occurring in the first or last week
of the year.
The ISO-8601 representation of Jan 1, 1993 written in the YYYY-wWW-D format
is actually 1992-W53-5. In other words, Jan 1 is treated as being in the
last week of the preceding year. Depending on the year, days in the first
week of a year may belong to the previous year, and days in the final week
of a year may belong to the next year. The week is assigned to the year
which has most of the days. For example, if the week starts on Sunday,
then the last week of 2003 is 2003-12-28 to 2004-01-03. This week is
assigned to 2003 since 4 of the days in it are in 2003 and only 3 of them
are in 2004. The first week of 2004 starts on 2004-01-04.
The %U and %W formats return a week-of-year number from 01 to 53. %L and
%G return the corresponding year, and to get this type of information,
you should always use the (%W,%G) combination or (%U,%L) combination. %Y
should not be used as it will yield incorrect results.
%J returns the full ISO-8601 format (%G-W%W-%w).
NOTE 3:
The %s and %o formats return negative values if the date is before
the start of the epoch. Other Unix utilities would return an error, or
a zero, so if you are going to use Date::Manip in conjunction with these,
be sure to check for a negative value.
NOTE 4:
The %z format returns the offset in the RFC 822 specified format
+0500 . Most offsets are full hour amounts, so this is not a problem,
but some offsets are irregular (+05:17:30). In this case, the string
returned is +051730 which isn't RFC 822 compliant, but since RFC 822
ignores this situation, I had to decide between returning an incorrect
value, or breaking strict compliance, and I chose the second option.
=head1 KNOWN BUGS
None known.
=head1 BUGS AND QUESTIONS
Please refer to the Date::Manip::Problems documentation for
information on submitting bug reports or questions to the author.
=head1 SEE ALSO
Date::Manip - main module documentation
=head1 LICENSE
This script is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
=head1 AUTHOR
Sullivan Beck (sbeck@cpan.org)
=cut